tendónem

Tendónem, in a general sense, refers to a tendon, the band of fibrous connective tissue that links a muscle to a bone. Tendonem play a crucial role in translating muscular contraction into skeletal movement, while also contributing to joint stability and the efficient storage and release of elastic energy during locomotion.

Anatomically, tendonem are dense regular connective tissues rich in collagen type I fibers, arranged in parallel strands to withstand unidirectional pulling forces. They contain resident cells called tenocytes that maintain the extracellular matrix, including collagen and proteoglycans. Tendonem are organized into fascicles, surrounded by protective layers such as the epitenon and, in some regions, a synovial sheath or paratenon. The attachment site to bone, known as the enthesis, can be fibrous or fibrocartilaginous, reflecting the loading environment and helping to distribute stress.

Functionally, tendonem transmit the force generated by muscle fibers to bones, enabling movement. They store and release elastic energy, contributing to efficient gait and athletic performance. Their mechanical properties depend on collagen integrity, hydration, and loading history; mechanical stimulation drives remodeling, while aging and overuse can reduce strength and increase injury risk.

Injury and disease commonly affect tendonem, producing tendinopathy, tendinitis, or tears. Risk factors include repetitive strain, sudden overload, biomechanics, training errors, and certain systemic conditions. Symptoms typically involve localized pain, stiffness, and sometimes swelling or reduced motion. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination complemented by imaging such as ultrasound or MRI.

Treatment emphasizes restoring function and reducing pain, often starting with activity modification and physical therapy with progressive eccentric loading. Other options may include medications, injections, or, in refractory cases, surgical repair. Prevention focuses on gradual conditioning, proper warm-up, adequate recovery, and addressing biomechanical factors. Research continues into tissue engineering and biological therapies to enhance tendon repair and resilience.