tendonskeletal

Tendonskeletal refers to the tendinous tissues that connect skeletal muscles to bones, forming a key component of the musculoskeletal system. These structures transmit muscular contraction forces to the skeleton, enabling movement and contributing to joint stability. While ligaments connect bone to bone, tendons transmit force from muscle to bone, and their proper function is essential for efficient locomotion and posture.

Anatomy and microstructure: Tendons are composed primarily of densely packed collagen type I fibers arranged in parallel fascicles, surrounded by loose connective tissue and a surrounding tendon sheath in some locations. Tenocytes, specialized fibroblasts within the tendon, maintain the extracellular matrix. The collagen fibers align along the direction of force, providing tensile strength, while interfascicular regions allow sliding between fascicles. The tendon-to-bone junction, or enthesis, features a gradual transition through fibrocartilage that helps absorb stress and reduce injury risk. Myotendinous junctions at muscle-tendon interfaces facilitate force transfer. Tendons have relatively poor vascular supply compared with other tissues, which influences healing capacity and recovery time. Innervation is primarily sensory and contributes to proprioception and reflex control.

Function and biomechanics: The primary role of tendons is to convert muscle shortening into skeletal movement. They store and release elastic energy during dynamic activities, improving efficiency. Tendon properties vary by location and function, with some adapted for high stiffness and rapid force transmission, and others for elasticity and energy storage.

Clinical aspects: Tendinopathies, tendon ruptures, and enthesopathies are common injuries, often related to overuse, aging, or sudden overload. Diagnosis relies on clinical examination and imaging such as ultrasound or MRI. Treatments include activity modification, loading protocols, physical therapy, and, in some cases, surgical repair or grafting. Healing is gradual due to limited blood supply and depends on mechanical rehabilitation.