tendine

Tendine is the Italian term for tendons, the fibrous cords that connect muscles to bones. In English, the word is tendon (plural tendons). Tendons transmit the force generated by muscles to bones, enabling movement, stabilize joints, and store elastic energy during locomotion.

Anatomy and composition: Tendons are mainly composed of collagen type I organized in dense, parallel fibers. Tenocytes maintain the extracellular matrix. They are relatively avascular, with nutrition supplied by surrounding tissue; many tendons have sheaths or a surrounding paratenon that reduces friction.

Biomechanics: Tendons resist high tensile loads and exhibit viscoelastic properties, meaning their stiffness and elasticity change with temperature, age, and training. Their strength and function depend on healthy collagen organization and adequate loading.

Common conditions: Tendinopathy is the most common tendon disorder and reflects degenerative changes rather than simple inflammation. Tendinitis is often a misnomer for this chronic process. Tendon rupture can occur with sudden overload, frequently affecting the Achilles or rotator cuff tendons. Tendosynovitis involves the tendon sheath and can accompany tendon irritation.

Diagnosis: Diagnosis combines history and physical examination with imaging as needed. Ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging help assess tendon thickness, tears, and blood flow, supporting treatment planning.

Treatment: Initial management is conservative: activity modification, structured physical therapy including eccentric strengthening, and pain control with NSAIDs when appropriate. Cryotherapy can aid acute symptoms. Injections (such as corticosteroids) are used selectively; evidence for platelet-rich plasma is mixed. Surgical repair is considered for complete ruptures or refractory partial tears.

Prevention: Preventive strategies include gradual increases in activity, proper warm-up, biomechanical assessment, appropriate footwear, and adherence to rehabilitation programs after injury.