teknologia

Teknologia refers to the systematic application of knowledge to create tools, processes, and systems that solve problems and extend human capabilities. It encompasses hardware, software, and organizational methods, and emerges from the collaboration of science, engineering, design, and industry.

The field is broad, spanning information technology, communications, biotechnology, nanotechnology, energy and environmental technology, transportation, medicine, and materials science. It includes both tangible artifacts such as devices and infrastructure, and methodologies such as research, prototyping, manufacturing, and user-centered design.

Historically, technology began with basic tools, agriculture, and construction, progressed through industrialization and mechanization, and entered the digital era with computing and networks. The current period is shaped by artificial intelligence, automation, biotechnology, and pervasive connectivity.

Technology shapes economies, governance, and culture, driving productivity and new industries while sometimes contributing to inequality, privacy concerns, cybersecurity risks, and environmental impact. Responsible development emphasizes sustainability, ethical considerations, and inclusive access.

In academia and policy, technology is studied within engineering, computer science, and science and technology studies, among others. The term is translated and used in many languages with nuanced meanings, reflecting its role as both a field of study and a practical toolkit.