tantrums

Tantrums are episodes of intense anger or frustration that are common in young children. They typically involve crying, shouting, facial expressions of distress, and may include physical actions such as stomping, kicking, or throwing objects. Tantrums are not a medical disorder or diagnosis; rather, they reflect a developmentally normal way for children to cope with big emotions and to test boundaries. They most often begin between ages 1 and 2 and tend to decline as language skills, self-regulation, and daily routines improve, though some children may experience them longer.

Causes and triggers include limited communication skills, fatigue, hunger, overstimulation, frustration with limits or demands, changes in routine, or the need for attention. A child who cannot express needs verbally may resort to a tantrum to convey distress.

Management focuses on safety and teaching regulation. Parents and caregivers can stay calm, acknowledge the child’s feelings, use brief and simple language, and help redirect to a quieter activity or a calming technique. Providing predictable routines, ensuring regular meals and sleep, offering choices to restore a sense of control, and reinforcing positive coping strategies when calm can reduce frequency over time. Avoid punitive punishment during or after episodes; instead, use time-ins and consistent limit-setting.

When to seek help: if tantrums persist beyond age 5, are extremely frequent or severe, involve self-harm or serious aggression, or accompany concerns about development or learning, a pediatrician or child psychologist can evaluate for underlying factors and provide guidance.