stamning

Stamning, commonly translated as stuttering, is a speech fluency disorder characterized by disruptions in the flow of speech. Core symptoms include repetitions of sounds or syllables, prolongations of sounds, and brief blocks where no sound is produced. Disfluencies can be accompanied by visible tension in the face or body and sometimes by secondary movements such as rapid blinking or hand motions. The severity and frequency of symptoms can vary over time and across situations.

Most cases begin in early childhood, typically between ages 2 and 5. Stamning is thought to involve a combination of genetic predisposition and neurophysiological differences in speech-motor control. Environmental factors and language development pace can influence its progression. It is not caused by parenting style or stress alone, although stress can sometimes exacerbate symptoms. Acquired stamning can occur after brain injury or neurological disease.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, made by a speech-language pathologist after evaluating speech, language, and development. There are standardized assessments to gauge severity and impact on communication. Treatment often includes speech therapy with approaches such as fluency shaping or stuttering modification, along with breathing and rate-control techniques. For some individuals, cognitive-behavioral therapy helps address related anxiety or avoidance. Early intervention is associated with better outcomes, and some people use assistive devices or situational strategies to reduce stuttering in specific contexts.

Prognosis varies; many children outgrow stamning, with estimates around a majority recovering before adolescence, while a minority continue to stutter into adulthood. Social and emotional support, inclusive communication practices, and access to appropriate therapy contribute to improved outcomes and quality of life.