splanchnocele

Splanchnocele is a medical term used to describe protrusion of intra-abdominal viscera through a defect in the abdominal wall or surrounding membranes, often forming a sac. The name derives from Greek roots meaning viscera (splankhnon) and hernia (kele). It is a descriptive label rather than a single disease, and in practice some conditions once labeled splanchnocele are more specifically named, such as omphalocele or enteroceles, depending on the location and pattern of involvement.

Causes and classification: Splanchnocele can be congenital, resulting from developmental defects in the abdominal wall or surrounding structures, or acquired, arising after trauma, surgery, or conditions that create or enlarge a fascial defect. The term may be used for a range of patterns, from external abdominal wall herniation to internal herniations into a sac or compartment.

Clinical features: Presentation varies with the affected viscera and the defect. Patients may notice a lump that enlarges with standing or coughing, abdominal pain, or signs of intestinal obstruction or strangulation if bowel is involved. Neonates with congenital forms may have accompanying other anomalies.

Diagnosis: Evaluation involves physical examination and imaging. Ultrasound is commonly used, with CT or MRI providing detailed anatomy when needed. Prenatal imaging can detect certain fetal splanchnocele forms.

Management and prognosis: Treatment is typically surgical repair to reduce the herniated contents and close the defect, with mesh reinforcement used for larger defects. Prompt management reduces the risk of strangulation and other complications. Prognosis depends on the size, contents, timing of repair, and presence of associated conditions.

See also: hernia, omphalocele, gastroschisis, enterocoele.