spay

Spay, short for spaying, is a surgical procedure used to sterilize female animals by removing reproductive organs. In most pets this means removal of the ovaries and often the uterus (ovariohysterectomy). Some procedures remove only the ovaries (ovariectomy). Spaying is commonly performed in dogs and cats but is also done in other small mammals, wildlife programs, and research settings.

Spaying is typically done when the animal is mature enough, often around 4 to 6 months of age for cats and dogs, though timing can vary by species, breed, and health. The procedure may involve different techniques; ovariohysterectomy removes both ovaries and uterus, while ovariectomy removes only the ovaries.

The operation is done under general anesthesia. An abdominal incision provides access to the reproductive organs, which are removed, and the wound is closed with sutures. Pain management and infection prevention are standard. Recovery usually takes several days, with gradual return to normal activity; most pets go home the same day or the next day depending on the case.

Spaying offers health and behavioral benefits. It prevents pregnancy and significantly reduces the risk of uterine infections (pyometra) and many mammary cancers, especially if performed before reproductive maturity. It does not prevent all illnesses and carries risks related to anesthesia, bleeding, infection, and post-operative complications. Obesity can occur if diet and activity are not managed after surgery.

Postoperative care includes restricted activity, monitoring the incision, and preventing licking with a collar. Follow-up with a veterinarian ensures proper healing. Spaying also contributes to pet population control and can reduce certain heat-related behaviors and roaming in otherwise intact females.