smartkort

A smartkort, or smart card, is a plastic card embedded with an integrated circuit that can store data and perform processing. Smartkort can be designed as contact cards, which require physical contact with a reader, or as contactless cards, which communicate via radio frequency, or as dual-interface cards that support both methods. They are used for authentication, data storage, and secure transactions.

Most smartkort are either memory cards, which mainly store data, or microprocessor cards, which can execute cryptographic operations and manage keys. The microprocessor cards often run security software in a protected environment, enabling features such as mutual authentication, encrypted communication, and secure key management. The card is powered and energized by the reader in contact cards, while contactless cards obtain energy from the reader’s radio field.

Standards and interoperability are governed by organizations such as ISO/IEC. ISO/IEC 7816 covers contact cards, including physical characteristics and communication with readers, while ISO/IEC 14443 covers contactless cards. Other widely used standards include those for payment cards (EMV) and for card personalization and security frameworks.

Common applications of smartkort include payment and financial transactions, SIM cards in mobile devices, government and corporate identification cards, and access control badges. They are also used in transportation ticketing and loyalty programs.

Security and privacy are central concerns, with features like cryptographic keys, PIN verification, and secure messaging. Card life cycles include issuance, personalization, usage, revocation, and eventual replacement, with ongoing attention to durability, privacy, and evolving cryptographic standards.