slalom

Slalom is a term used in several competitive sports to describe a course set with gates that athletes must navigate in a zigzag pattern. The best known forms are alpine skiing's slalom and whitewater canoe/kayak slalom, though the word can apply to any event featuring closely spaced gates on a course. The term originates from Nordic languages, reflecting the weaving motion athletes perform as they pass through the gates.

In alpine skiing, slalom is the most technical of the standard speed events, featuring the shortest course and the tightest turns. Gates are arranged in pairs, requiring rapid direction changes as competitors race downhill on a slope. Most slalom races consist of two runs on different courses on the same hill; the times are added to determine the winner. Competitors must pass through gates correctly, with disqualification resulting from failing to do so. Equipment emphasizes narrow, short skis and protective gear, while technique focuses on precise edging, rapid hip movement, and quick pole placement. The discipline is part of World Cup circuits, World Championships, and the Olympic program, alongside the larger giant slalom and speed events.

In whitewater slalom, athletes navigate a river course with alternating green and red gates suspended over rapids. Gates may be passed downstream or upstream, with upstream gates requiring a deliberate upstream maneuver. Penalties are incurred for touching gates or missing gates, and the fastest clean runs prevail. Boat classes include kayak (K1) and canoe (C1, C2), with separate events for men and women at major competitions. The discipline is governed by the International Canoe Federation and features World Cups, World Championships, and Olympic races since 1992.

Slalom disciplines emphasize technique, precision, and control under challenging conditions. They share a focus on turning accuracy and obstacle navigation, but differ in environment, equipment, and scoring.