sensoriomotor

Sensoriomotor describes the integrated function of sensory processing and motor control in the nervous system. It refers to how sensations such as touch, proprioception, and vision guide, adjust, and predict movements, while action in turn alters sensory input. This coupling supports goal-directed behavior, motor learning, and adaptive interaction with the environment.

Neural basis: Sensorimotor function relies on networks spanning the somatosensory and primary motor cortices, premotor and supplementary motor areas, the posterior parietal cortex, the cerebellum, and the basal ganglia. Ascending pathways convey tactile and proprioceptive information to cortical areas, while descending tracts such as the corticospinal and corticobulbar pathways implement movement. The cerebellum and parietal networks use predictive models and sensory feedback to refine actions. Concepts such as efference copy and forward models describe how the brain predicts sensory consequences of intended movements to reduce error.

Functions and phenomena: Sensorimotor integration underpins perception-guided action, coordination, grip and manipulation of objects, and tool use. It supports motor learning through practice, error correction, and multisensory integration, and it enables rapid adjustments to changing task demands.

Development and clinical relevance: In infancy, sensorimotor integration emerges as infants explore through movement. In adults, robust sensorimotor coupling underlies skilled performance and rehabilitation after injury. Disruptions can produce apraxia, proprioceptive deficits, or ataxia. Therapeutic approaches such as targeted sensorimotor training, constraint-induced movement therapy, and prosthetic feedback exploit this integration.

Sensorimotor research informs fields ranging from neuroscience and psychology to robotics and rehabilitation, emphasizing the continuous loop between sensation and action.