cortices

Cortices are layered regions or coverings found in various biological structures and systems, typically serving a protective, functional, or organizational role. In neuroanatomy, the term "cortex" refers to the outer layer of the brain, composed of gray matter, which is integral to higher brain functions such as sensory perception, motor control, and cognition. The cerebral cortex, for example, is highly folded to increase surface area, allowing a greater number of neurons within a limited volume.

In cellular biology, cortices are thin networks of actin filaments beneath the plasma membrane that provide structural support and facilitate cellular processes. These actin-rich regions help shape the cell, enable movement, and assist in endocytosis and exocytosis. The cortical cytoskeleton is crucial for maintaining cell integrity and responding to mechanical stimuli.

In plant biology, cortices refer to the tissues located between the epidermis and vascular tissues in stems and roots. Plant cortices are primarily composed of parenchyma cells that store nutrients and water, and sometimes contain specialized cells for transport or defense. They play a key role in structural support and resource storage.

Overall, cortices are versatile structures present across different life forms, often serving protective, organizational, or functional purposes. Their specific composition and role vary depending on the organism and tissue type, but they consistently contribute to maintaining structure, facilitating communication, and supporting essential biological activities.