selfinjurious

Self-injurious refers to deliberate harm to one’s body without the primary intention of dying. In clinical language, non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) describes acts carried out to cope with distress rather than to end life. Self-injury is a behavior, not a diagnosis, and it can occur across ages but is most commonly reported among adolescents and young adults.

Causes and risk factors include emotional pain, trauma or abuse, and co-occurring mental health conditions such as mood disorders, anxiety, eating disorders, or personality disorders. NSSI may function to regulate overwhelming emotions, provide a sense of control, punish oneself, or communicate distress when words feel insufficient. It can become a pattern that persists if not addressed.

Forms of self-injury vary and may include taking a non-lethal action that harms the body or prolongs healing, often hidden or performed in private. Warning signs include new or increasing scars or cuts, wearing long sleeves in warm weather, and secrecy or abrupt changes in behavior or mood. The behavior is a concern when it causes physical damage, interferes with functioning, or signals significant distress.

Assessment and treatment emphasize safety, risk assessment, and addressing underlying causes. Evidence-based therapies, such as dialectical behavior therapy (DBT) and cognitive-behavioral approaches, focus on emotion regulation, distress tolerance, and coping skills. Psychotherapy may be combined with treatment for co-occurring conditions. In some cases, pharmacotherapy can help manage underlying depression, anxiety, or other disorders. Supportive, non-judgmental care and crisis planning are important components of recovery. If you or someone else is in immediate danger, contact local emergency services or the Suicide & Crisis Lifeline (in the U.S., call or text 988).