schooldiscipline

School discipline refers to the set of rules, policies, and practices used to manage student behavior and promote safe, conducive learning environments. It includes clear codes of conduct, classroom management strategies, and processes for recognizing and addressing misconduct. The aim is not only to deter rule violations but also to support student development, safety, and learning.

Disciplinary approaches range from traditional punitive measures—warnings, detentions, suspensions, and expulsion—to more constructive methods such as positive behavioral interventions and supports (PBIS), restorative justice, and restorative conversations. Many systems combine approaches, using swift consequences for serious conduct with ongoing supports to address underlying causes.

Research on effectiveness is mixed and context-dependent. Critics argue that exclusionary discipline can harm student outcomes and disproportionately affect students of color, or students with disabilities, contributing to achievement gaps and school disengagement. Proponents contend that fair, transparent discipline improves safety when paired with supports and clear expectations.

Legal and ethical considerations include due process, predictable policies, privacy, and the rights of students to be treated with dignity. Policies often require parental involvement, documentation, and oversight to prevent bias and ensure consistency. Schools increasingly emphasize data-driven approaches to monitor discipline trends and equity.

Historically, corporal punishment was common in many places but has declined in most systems through policy changes and advocacy. A growing trend is the adoption of restorative and inclusive practices, focusing on repairing harm, accountability, and continuous social-emotional learning to reduce misconduct.