sanitaryware

Sanitaryware refers to glazed ceramic fixtures used in bathrooms and other washrooms to provide hygiene and sanitation. The term commonly covers toilets, bidets, basins (sinks), urinals, and often baths and shower trays. These fixtures are designed to be watertight, easy to clean, and capable of withstanding daily use.

Most sanitaryware is made from vitreous china, a dense glazed porcelain that is fired at high temperature to create a non-porous, durable surface. Other ceramic formulations or reinforced resin composites may be used in specialty settings. Manufacturing typically uses slip casting or pressing, followed by glazing and a second firing to fuse the glaze.

Common types include floor- and wall-mounted toilets, bidets, pedestal or under-mounted sinks, and urinals. Contemporary designs emphasize easy cleaning, with features such as rimless toilets and smooth, integrated surfaces. Flushing mechanisms range from gravity-fed to pressure-assisted and dual-flush systems. Fixtures are designed to meet regional standards and building codes and to work with standard drains and traps.

Installation and maintenance: installed by plumbing professionals as part of a building’s sanitary plumbing system; regular cleaning with non-abrasive cleaners; avoid harsh or acidic cleaners that can damage glaze; check seals and connections to prevent leaks.

Sustainability: ongoing design improvements aim at reducing water use and extending fixture life. Major manufacturers include Kohler, Toto, Duravit, Villeroy & Boch, Geberit, and Roca.

History: mass production of glazed sanitaryware began in the 19th century, enabling affordable home fixtures and contributing to public health improvements.