panleukopenia

Panleukopenia is a clinical syndrome characterized by a marked reduction in circulating white blood cells (leukopenia). In veterinary medicine, it most commonly refers to feline panleukopenia, a highly contagious viral disease of cats caused by feline parvovirus (FPV). The condition is especially severe in kittens, and vaccination is a key preventive measure.

Causes and transmission: FPV is a non-enveloped parvovirus that survives in the environment for extended periods. It spreads through direct contact with infected secretions and via contaminated objects. Kittens can also be exposed in utero or via colostrum from infected queens. The disease may occur in unvaccinated or immunocompromised animals.

Pathophysiology: FPV targets rapidly dividing cells in the intestinal tract and bone marrow, causing enteritis, villous atrophy, and profound leukopenia. Immunosuppression predisposes to secondary bacterial infections. Vomiting and diarrhea contribute to dehydration and electrolyte imbalances.

Clinical presentation: Affected cats show fever, depression, loss of appetite, vomiting, and profuse diarrhea, often with dehydration. In kittens, the disease can progress rapidly and be fatal, particularly without prompt supportive care.

Diagnosis and treatment: Diagnosis is based on clinical signs, leukopenia on complete blood count, and confirmation by FPV antigen testing or PCR on feces. Treatment is supportive and intensive, including aggressive fluid therapy, antiemetics, nutrition, electrolyte management, and broad-spectrum antibiotics to prevent secondary infections. Survival improves with early, intensive care.

Prognosis and prevention: Prognosis varies with age, severity, and access to care; kittens have the highest mortality. Prevention rests on vaccination, sanitation, quarantine of affected animals, and strict hygiene in shelters. There is no specific antiviral therapy for FPV.