ospreys

The osprey (Pandion haliaetus), also known as the fish hawk, is a large raptor and the only member of the genus Pandion. It has a near-global distribution, occurring near rivers, lakes, and coastlines on every continent except Antarctica. Ospreys are migratory in temperate regions, moving to warmer areas in winter while some populations remain resident in the tropics.

Adults have white underparts with a dark eye stripe and a contrasting dark upper body. Their wings are long and broad, and the overall impression is a pale bird with a dark back and a distinctive facial mask. The sexes are similar in plumage, but females are typically larger than males.

Diet and hunting revolve almost entirely around fish. Ospreys hunt by diving feet-first from a hover or a perch, then gripping the prey with sharp talons. They possess a reversible outer toe to help secure slippery fish and have powerful feet and raptorial claws for a firm hold. Prey size and species vary with local availability, but fish are the primary sustenance across their range.

Reproduction is generally monogamous, with pairs building large stick nests in tall trees, on cliffs, or on man-made structures. Nests are often reused for many years and expanded over time. Clutch size commonly ranges from two to four eggs; both parents incubate and feed the chicks. Incubation lasts about a month, and fledging typically occurs six to seven weeks after hatching.

Conservation status is typically listed as Least Concern by the IUCN, reflecting its wide range and substantial population. Historical declines due to pesticide exposure have largely reversed following regulatory changes. Ospreys continue to face threats from habitat loss, nest disturbance, pollution, and collisions with power lines.