nonfarmakolojik
Nonpharmacological, or nonfarmakolojik, refers to health interventions that do not involve pharmacological agents. These approaches aim to prevent disease, relieve symptoms, improve physical function, or support recovery through behavioral, physical, educational, and environmental strategies. They can be used alone or alongside medications and may be delivered in clinical settings, community programs, or at home.
Common nonpharmacological strategies include physical activity and exercise therapy; physical modalities such as heat, cold, manual
Nonpharmacological approaches are applied across a wide range of conditions. They are central to chronic disease
Evidence for effectiveness varies by intervention and condition; high-quality evidence exists for many exercise programs, cognitive-behavioral