netkané

Netkaná is the Czech and Slovak term used for nonwoven fabric. It describes a textile produced by forming a web of fibers and bonding or entangling them without weaving or knitting. In those languages, netkaná (feminine form) is used with nouns such as textília or tkanina to denote this class of fabrics. Nonwoven fabrics are distinguished by their production method and end-use properties rather than by a structural weave.

Production methods group into mechanical, chemical, and thermal bonding. Mechanically bonded fabrics rely on fiber entanglement (e.g., needle-punching or hydroentangling). Chemically bonded fabrics use binders to hold fibers together. Thermally bonded fabrics are joined by heat. Many nonwovens result from web-forming processes such as spunbond and meltblown, often combined with a bonding step.

Materials used include synthetic polymers such as polypropylene and polyester, as well as polyvinyl alcohol, viscose, and natural fibers like cellulose. The choice of fiber and bonding method determines properties such as weight, porosity, absorbency, softness, and tensile strength. Nonwovens are typically lightweight and highly permeable, with properties tailored for specific applications.

Major applications include hygiene products (diapers, wipes, feminine-care items), medical items (surgical gowns and masks), filtration (air and liquid filters), geotextiles (erosion control and drainage), wipes, and packaging. Some nonwovens are designed to be disposable, while others are reusable or recyclable, depending on materials and bonding agents.

Origin and development of nonwoven fabrics advanced in the 20th century, with commercial-scale production expanding after World War II. The technology enabled cost-effective, single-use products but also raised environmental concerns about disposal. Ongoing research focuses on improving recyclability, biodegradability, and the use of sustainable fibers.