naproxene

Naproxen is a nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) used to relieve pain, reduce inflammation, and lower fever. It is a propionic acid derivative that inhibits cyclooxygenase enzymes (COX-1 and COX-2), leading to decreased synthesis of prostaglandins that mediate pain and inflammation.

Medical uses include relief from musculoskeletal pain such as osteoarthritis and rheumatoid arthritis, acute pain from strains or dental procedures, menstrual cramps, headaches, and gout flares. It is available in prescription formulations and over-the-counter preparations; naproxen sodium is common in OTC products, while naproxen base is used in prescription tablets and capsules.

Pharmacokinetics: naproxen is well absorbed after oral administration with onset of effect typically within 30 to 60 minutes. The elimination half-life is roughly 12 to 17 hours, allowing twice daily dosing for many indications.

Safety and adverse effects: common side effects include stomach upset, heartburn, and nausea. More serious risks include gastrointestinal ulcers or bleeding, kidney impairment, and, with long-term use, increased risk of cardiovascular events. It should be used with caution in people with a history of ulcers, bleeding disorders, kidney disease, heart failure, or high blood pressure. NSAIDs are generally avoided in the third trimester of pregnancy.

Brand names and history: naproxen was developed in the 1960s and marketed under several brand names, including Naprosyn and Aleve. It is available as naproxen sodium in many OTC products and as standard naproxen in prescription formulations.