micrognathie

Micrognathia is a medical condition characterized by an abnormally small mandible, or lower jaw. This can affect facial appearance, dental alignment, and in more severe cases, breathing and feeding. The mandible may be underdeveloped overall, or a specific part of it may be smaller than normal. This condition can be present at birth, known as congenital micrognathia, or it can develop later in life due to injury or disease.

Congenital micrognathia can occur in isolation or as part of a genetic syndrome. It is often associated with conditions such as Pierre Robin sequence, Treacher Collins syndrome, and Down syndrome. The severity of micrognathia can vary greatly, from a mild condition that may resolve with growth to a severe form that requires immediate medical intervention. Infants with significant micrognathia may experience difficulty breathing due to the tongue falling backward and obstructing the airway, and they may also have problems with suckling and swallowing, leading to feeding difficulties and poor weight gain.

Diagnosis of micrognathia is typically made during a physical examination, and imaging studies like X-rays or CT scans can help assess the extent of the jaw abnormality. Treatment approaches depend on the severity and the underlying cause. For mild cases, observation and supportive care may be sufficient, as the jaw may grow and catch up over time. In more severe situations, interventions may include positioning devices to help with breathing, feeding tubes to ensure adequate nutrition, and surgical procedures to reposition or enlarge the mandible. Surgical options can range from mandibular distraction osteogenesis, which gradually lengthens the jawbone, to more complex reconstructions. Early diagnosis and intervention are crucial for optimal outcomes, particularly in infants to address breathing and feeding challenges and to promote proper facial development and function.