lowfire

Low-fire, or lowfire, is a ceramic firing category describing the firing of wares at relatively low temperatures. The term most often refers to firing in the cone 06 to cone 04 range (about 1830°F to 1940°F, or 840°C to 1060°C), though exact ranges vary by source, clay body, and glaze. Some definitions extend the range to cone 03. Wares produced in this temperature band are typically earthenware or terra cotta rather than stoneware or porcelain, which require higher-fire processes.

Because the maturation temperature is lower, the glaze chemistry and clay bodies are selected to melt and fuse at these temperatures. Low-fire glazes often emphasize color, gloss, and surface effects and are commonly formulated to be lead-free in modern practice. Traditional tin glazes and slip decorations are associated with low-fire pottery in many traditions, though contemporary practice uses a wide range of glaze systems.

Advantages of low-fire firing include reduced energy consumption, lower equipment costs, and easier access for hobbyists and community studios. It enables rapid production and straightforward glaze testing. Limitations include generally less vitrification, higher porosity in unglazed wares, and potentially greater variability in strength and durability compared with higher-fire counterparts. Proper glaze fit and firing conditions remain important to minimize defects such as crazing or glaze running.

Kilns used for low-fire work are typically electric or gas and can operate effectively in oxidation atmospheres, though some reduction effects are possible. Low-fire pottery remains popular for decorative wares, studio experimentation, and educational settings.