earthenware

Earthenware is a form of ceramic material made from natural clay and fired at relatively low temperatures. It is typically fired at about 900 to 1150 degrees Celsius, a range that leaves the body only partially vitrified. As a result, earthenware remains porous and relatively soft after firing unless it is glazed to seal the surface.

The body of earthenware is usually iron-rich, giving many examples a red or buff color, though white and pale clays are also used. The clay may include grog or other temper to improve drying, strength, and workability. Shapes are created by hand-building, wheel-throwing, or molding, and the ware is often fired in a kiln with ample access to glaze materials.

Glazing is common with earthenware because its porosity makes it watertightness unreliable without a glaze. Glazes may be lead-based in historical contexts, but modern earthenware typically uses silica- and flux-based glazes that are non-toxic when properly formulated. The glaze also provides a decorative and durable surface.

Notes on use and types: Terracotta is a widely known red earthenware used for pottery, sculpture, and terracotta construction elements. White or pale earthenwares are used for decorative ware, dinnerware, and sometimes sanitary ware. Compared with stoneware and porcelain, earthenware is fired at lower temperatures, is generally more porous and less durable, and requires glazing to hold liquids or to be watertight.

History and regional usage: Earthenware has a long global history and remains a common material for functional pottery, tiles, and regional crafts. Its relative ease of shaping and firing has supported diverse traditions across many cultures.