laryngoscopie

Laryngoscopy is a medical procedure used to inspect the larynx (voice box) and surrounding structures. It involves the use of a laryngoscope to visualize the vocal cords, epiglottis, and laryngeal vestibule. The term covers several techniques, from indirect methods using mirrors to direct endoscopic methods with modern video or fibreoptic systems.

There are main types of laryngoscopy. Indirect laryngoscopy uses a mirrored instrument or a small endoscope placed in the throat to obtain a view of the larynx without entering the airway. Direct laryngoscopy involves a rigid blade inserted through the mouth under general anesthesia, providing a close view and access for biopsy or intervention. Flexible fibreoptic laryngoscopy uses a slender, bendable scope passed through the nose or mouth; it can be performed with the patient awake or lightly sedated and is commonly used in outpatient settings. Video laryngoscopy employs a camera-enabled blade and video monitor, often improving visualization during intubation or diagnosis.

Indications include evaluation of hoarseness or other voice changes, chronic cough, dysphagia, stridor, or suspected laryngeal lesions (nodules, polyps, tumors); assessment of vocal cord mobility; and assistance with airway management, biopsy, laser treatment, or removal of foreign bodies.

Risks are generally low but can include gagging, airway irritation, bleeding, infection, dental injury, or, rarely, laryngospasm or perforation. The choice of technique depends on clinical goals, patient factors, and the need for sedation or anesthesia. Training is typically provided to otolaryngologists, anesthesiologists, and other specialists skilled in airway management.