kuulonkuulo

Kuulonkuulo refers to the auditory sense, the physiological process that enables the detection and interpretation of sound. In humans, it encompasses both the peripheral mechanics of sound transduction and the central neural processing that gives rise to auditory perception, speech comprehension, and environmental awareness.

Sound waves enter through the outer ear (pinna and ear canal), causing the tympanic membrane to vibrate. The middle ear bones (ossicles: malleus, incus, stapes) amplify the vibrations, which reach the fluid-filled inner ear's cochlea. Hair cells in the cochlea transduce mechanical energy into electrical signals that travel via the auditory nerve to the brain, where the signals are processed in the auditory pathways and cortex.

Hearing ability is commonly assessed with audiometry, which measures thresholds for pure tones across frequencies and expresses results in decibels hearing level (dB HL). Other tests include tympanometry for middle-ear function, otoacoustic emissions, and speech-in-noise tests to assess real-world understanding.

Impairments of kuulonkuulo can be conductive, sensorineural, or mixed. Conductive loss involves the outer or middle ear and reduces sound transmission; sensorineural loss involves the inner ear or auditory nerve and affects sound quality and clarity. Common causes include infections, noise exposure, aging, ototoxic medications, and genetic factors.

Management aims to improve hearing and communication, using devices such as hearing aids, cochlear implants for severe losses, and assistive listening devices. Rehabilitation may include auditory training and communication strategies. Early screening and protection against excessive noise are important for preserving kuulonkuulo.