insolent

Insolent is an adjective used to describe behavior or speech that shows a rude, bold, and often contemptuous lack of respect toward someone, especially an authority figure or someone deserving deference. It implies not just confidence or cheekiness, but a deliberate disregard for social norms and the feelings of others. Insolent remarks or actions are typically perceived as intentionally disrespectful or provocative.

Etymology and related forms: The word derives from Latin insolens, meaning “not accustomed” or “impertinent,” and entered English via Old French insolent and Middle English. The noun form is insolence, referring to the quality or condition of being insolent. The adverb is insolently, used to describe an action done in an insolent manner.

Usage and nuance: Insolent is stronger than casual rudeness or boldness and often carries a moral or social judgment. It is common in literary, journalistic, and evaluative prose, as well as in everyday critique. While it can describe spirited or rebellious conduct in certain contexts, it generally connotes disrespect or insubordination rather than mere assertiveness. Related synonyms include impudent, brazen, impertinent, and audacious; antonyms include respectful, deferential, and polite. In legal or formal discourse, insistent or defiant behavior toward authority might be described as insolent if it crosses accepted boundaries of conduct.

Examples: A student who answers a teacher with an insolent retort; an insolent remark shouted across a room; an insolent gesture in defiance of rules. Insolence is the noun form, and insolently the adverbial form.