inkontinencia

Inkontinencia is the involuntary leakage of urine. It is a common condition that can affect people of all ages and can have a significant impact on daily life. The condition may be temporary or chronic and may occur during physical activity, with a sudden urge, or at night. It refers specifically to urinary leakage, but fecal incontinence is a related condition discussed separately.

Common types are: stress incontinence, where leakage occurs with coughing, sneezing or lifting due to weak pelvic floor muscles; urge incontinence, characterized by a sudden, strong urge to urinate that is difficult to defer; mixed incontinence, a combination of both; overflow incontinence, from incomplete bladder emptying; and functional incontinence, where another condition prevents reaching the toilet in time.

Several factors contribute, including aging, childbirth and pelvic surgery in women, prostate issues in men, obesity, diabetes, neurological conditions, chronic coughing, and certain medications. Lifestyle factors such as caffeine, alcohol and fluid management also influence symptoms.

Diagnosis relies on medical history and physical examination, a bladder diary, and simple tests such as urinalysis to rule out infection. In some cases post-void residual measurement or urodynamic testing is used to assess bladder function and guide treatment.

Treatment starts with lifestyle changes and pelvic floor exercises. Bladder training and absorbent products may help manage symptoms. Medications such as antimuscarinics or beta-3 agonists can reduce urge; in women, topical estrogen may help after menopause. For some types or severe cases, surgical options (slings, suspensions, or artificial urinary sphincters) may be considered. Individual care plans should be discussed with a healthcare provider.