toilet

A toilet is a sanitation device used for the disposal of human urine and feces. It typically consists of a bowl that sits above a waste outlet and is connected to a drain pipe and a flushing mechanism that introduces water, carrying waste to a sewer or septic system. Most residential toilets are gravity-flush units and may include a cistern or tank that stores flushing water; the flush releases water through a valve or flapper when activated by a handle, button, or sensor. A water seal, typically a U-shaped trap, prevents sewer gases from entering the building.

Types include flush toilets (gravity, pressure-assisted, siphon-jet, vacuum-assisted), squat toilets (which employ a bowl at floor level), urinals, portable toilets, and composting toilets. Dual-flush designs offer two flush volumes to reduce water use, while composting and urine-diverting toilets treat waste on-site.

Historically, toilets have evolved from rudimentary pits and chamber pots to indoor plumbing with municipal sewers in the 19th century, enabling modern sanitation and public health improvements. Maintenance involves regular cleaning, checking seals and hinges, ensuring proper water levels, and clearing blockages.

Global access to toilets varies; lack of sanitation contributes to health risks and environmental contamination. Design considerations emphasize hygiene, accessibility for people with disabilities, and environmental sustainability, including water efficiency and waste recycling where feasible. Cultural norms influence toilet layouts, privacy, and accompanying fixtures such as bidets.