hyperprolaktinémií

Hyperprolactinemia is a medical condition characterized by abnormally high levels of the hormone prolactin in the blood. Prolactin is primarily produced by the pituitary gland, a small gland located at the base of the brain, and its main function is to stimulate milk production in women after childbirth. However, prolactin has other roles in both men and women, including reproductive functions and immune responses.

Elevated prolactin levels can result from various causes. Pituitary tumors, particularly prolactinomas (benign tumors that secrete prolactin), are a common cause. Other factors include certain medications, especially antipsychotics and antidepressants, as well as hypothyroidism, chronic kidney disease, and stress. In some cases, the cause of hyperprolactinemia remains unknown, a condition referred to as idiopathic hyperprolactinemia.

Symptoms of hyperprolactinemia vary depending on the cause and severity. In women, common signs include irregular or absent menstrual periods, infertility, and milky nipple discharge (galactorrhea) unrelated to pregnancy or breastfeeding. Men may experience decreased libido, erectile dysfunction, infertility, and in some cases, gynecomastia (enlargement of breast tissue) and galactorrhea. Headaches and visual disturbances can occur if a pituitary tumor is pressing on nearby structures.

Diagnosis typically involves blood tests to measure prolactin levels, along with tests to assess thyroid function and rule out other potential causes. Imaging studies, such as MRI of the pituitary gland, may be used to detect tumors. Treatment strategies depend on the underlying cause. For prolactinomas, medications like bromocriptine or cabergoline are often effective in reducing prolactin levels and tumor size. Addressing other medical conditions or adjusting medications can also resolve hyperprolactinemia.