humánizmus

Humánizmus is the Slovak and Czech term for humanism, a philosophical and cultural movement that emphasizes the value, dignity, and agency of human beings. Historically, humanism emerged during the Renaissance of the 14th to 17th centuries as scholars turned to the study of classical Latin and Greek texts, advocating a return to the ethical and intellectual models of ancient Greece and Rome. It placed human experience and reason at the center of inquiry, contrasting with medieval scholasticism’s focus on theological doctrines.

Key principles of humanism include the belief in human rationality, the pursuit of knowledge through empirical observation, and an emphasis on individuality and personal responsibility. Humanists argue that ethical living arises from human context rather than divine command, promoting moral autonomy and the importance of civic engagement. In the context of the Reform and Enlightenment movements, humanism contributed to the development of secular governance, liberal education, and scientific methodology.

During the 19th and 20th centuries, humanist ideals influenced various intellectual currents, including secularism, human rights advocacy, and the modern philosophical tradition of existentialism. Contemporary humanist organizations around the world campaign for secular ethics, the separation of church and state, and the promotion of scientific literacy. Although humanism lacks a single doctrine, it commonly supports reason as the primary guide for decision making, the welfare of individuals, and the fostering of inclusive societies.

In Slovak and Czech cultural history, humánizmus became associated with a revival of national identity, championing human dignity during periods of political upheaval such as the Austro‑Hungarian Empire, the Communist era, and the post‑Velvet Revolution. Its legacy continues in educational curricula, public discourse, and international humanist activism.