methodology

Methodology refers to the systematic, theoretical analysis of the methods applied to a field of study. It comprises the theoretical underpinnings and rationale that guide how research is planned, conducted, and interpreted. A methodology defines the overall approach, including the choice of research questions, epistemological and ontological assumptions, and standards for evaluating evidence.

Methodology is distinct from methods. Methods are the concrete techniques used to collect and analyze data, such as surveys, experiments, interviews, or content analysis. Methodology, in contrast, concerns why those methods are appropriate, what they can reveal, and how the results will be interpreted and validated.

Key components include research design, data collection strategies, analysis plans, sampling, measurement, ethical considerations, and criteria for validity and reliability. It also covers limitations, potential biases, and the context within which conclusions hold.

Different methodologies reflect different paradigms. Quantitative methodologies align with positivist or post-positivist approaches and favor measurement, hypothesis testing, and statistical analysis. Qualitative methodologies emphasize meaning, context, and interpretation, using methods such as interviews, case studies, or discourse analysis. Mixed-methods blends approaches to leverage strengths of both. Humanities and social sciences often employ interpretive, critical, or comparative methodologies, while natural sciences emphasize experimental and theoretical modeling.

Ultimately, methodology shapes the planning, execution, and evaluation of research. It is chosen to fit the research question, disciplinary norms, and practical constraints, and it can evolve as understanding deepens.