humanism

Humanism is a philosophical and ethical stance that emphasizes the value and agency of human beings. It centers on human welfare, dignity, and autonomy, often prioritizing reason, science, and human-centered ethics over supernatural authority. While many different traditions identify with humanism, it is generally not a fixed doctrine but a family of related approaches that can be secular, religious, or cultural.

Historically, humanism originated in classical antiquity and was revived in the Renaissance as a program of studying and imitating classical literature, philosophy, and art. Renaissance humanism emphasized education, critical inquiry, and civic virtue. In later centuries, Enlightenment thought and secular movements broadened humanist commitments to individual rights, democracy, and scientific progress. Religious forms, such as Christian humanism, sought to harmonize faith with human-centered ethics. Contemporary humanism often encompasses secular humanism, which rejects supernaturalism as a basis for morality, as well as religious humanism that seeks to integrate humanistic values with religious traditions.

Core tenets commonly associated with humanism include reliance on reason and evidence-based inquiry, commitment to human rights and equality, concern for ethical living and social justice, appreciation for science and education, and tolerance for diverse beliefs. Humanism emphasizes personal responsibility and the development of moral communities through voluntary associations, professional codes, and public institutions.

Humanism has produced organizational networks and declarations such as humanist manifestos, and it informs education, arts, and public policy in many democracies. It is subject to debate over the sources and limits of morality, the role of religion in public life, and how best to balance individual freedoms with social responsibilities.