hangulatzavarok

Hangulatzavarok, translated as mood disorders in Hungarian clinical usage, refer to a group of mental disorders characterized by disturbances in mood that significantly affect cognition, behavior, and daily functioning. The term covers depressive disorders, bipolar and related disorders, and related conditions, typically distinguished from temporary sadness by lasting symptoms and clinically meaningful impairment.

Depressive disorders include major depressive disorder and persistent depressive disorder. Core symptoms are persistent depressed mood or anhedonia, plus changes in sleep, appetite, energy, concentration, and thoughts of death or suicide. Bipolar and related disorders include bipolar I, bipolar II, and cyclothymic disorder, defined by recurrent mood episodes of mania or hypomania interspersed with depressive episodes.

Diagnosis relies on standardized criteria in DSM-5 or ICD-11, requiring symptom duration, severity, and impairment, with assessment to exclude medical conditions or substance effects. Etiology involves genetic, neurobiological, and environmental factors, with higher risk in individuals with family history, stress, or traumatic events.

Treatment typically combines psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy. Psychotherapies such as cognitive-behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy are commonly used. Antidepressants are used with caution in bipolar disorders to avoid triggering mania; mood stabilizers (lithium, valproate, lamotrigine) and, in some cases, atypical antipsychotics are employed. Electroconvulsive therapy may be considered in severe or treatment-resistant cases, sometimes alongside medication. Lifestyle interventions, sleep regulation, and psychoeducation support ongoing management.

Prognosis varies, but many individuals achieve substantial improvement with treatment; early recognition and sustained care reduce relapse risk and functional impairment.