depressed

Depressed is an adjective used to describe a state of low mood and reduced energy. In everyday language it often refers to feeling sad, down, or discouraged. In clinical contexts, depression or major depressive disorder is a recognized mental health condition marked by persistent low mood and a loss of interest or pleasure in most activities, lasting most of the day, nearly every day, for at least two weeks and causing significant distress or impairment.

Common symptoms include persistent sadness or emptiness, diminished interest in activities, changes in weight or appetite, sleep disturbances, fatigue, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, trouble concentrating, psychomotor changes, and recurrent thoughts of death or suicide. A depressed mood in response to a temporary life event may resolve on its own, but depression is diagnosed when symptoms are persistent and impair daily functioning.

Causes and risk factors are multifactorial and can include genetic or biological factors, stressful life events, medical conditions, and substance use. Depression is more common in some groups and can recur across a person’s life.

Treatment typically involves a combination of psychotherapy, medications such as antidepressants, and lifestyle adjustments. Psychotherapies like cognitive behavioral therapy or interpersonal therapy are evidence-based options; antidepressants (for example, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) can help some individuals. Severe or treatment-resistant cases may require electroconvulsive therapy or other neuromodulation approaches. Regular exercise, sleep hygiene, social support, and structured routines can support treatment.

The term depressed should be used carefully to distinguish transient mood from clinically defined depression. If someone has persistent depressive symptoms or thoughts of self-harm, professional help should be sought promptly.