handloom

A handloom is a loom operated by hand, without reliance on powered machinery, used to weave fabric from warp and weft threads. The weaver uses simple tools such as heddles, shuttles, and sometimes foot pedals to raise the warp and pass the weft. Handloom fabrics are typically produced in small-scale, cottage industries and include cotton, silk, linen, and wool. Handlooms are distinguished from power looms in industrial settings.

Handloom weaving has ancient roots across many regions. Variants include backstrap looms in parts of Asia and the Americas, frame and treadle looms elsewhere, and complex weaving traditions such as ikat and brocade. India, Southeast Asia, Africa, and parts of Europe have long-standing textile cultures built on handloom practice, with regional styles and motifs reflecting local histories and resources.

Techniques and varieties revolve around warp-faced and weft-faced structures, supplementary weft, double weave, and dyeing methods. Patterning may come from planned warp or weft color, tie-dye, block printing, or resist dyeing. Many handloom fabrics carry distinctive cultural signatures, such as sari, lungi, or shawl traditions, though production methods vary widely.

Economic and social role: Handloom work supports livelihoods for artisans and their communities, often in rural areas. Policies, cooperatives, design development, and market access programs aim to sustain the sector. Handloom is relatively energy-efficient, offering sustainability advantages, but faces challenges from mechanization, competition, and capital constraints. Revival efforts emphasize quality, branding, and direct-to-consumer channels, including online platforms.