haje

The haje, commonly known as the Egyptian cobra, is a venomous snake of North Africa, scientifically named Naja haje, in the family Elapidae. It is one of the most recognizable cobras and is linked to ancient Egyptian symbolism and lore.

It occurs across North Africa, including Egypt, Libya, Tunisia, Algeria, Morocco, and parts of Sudan, typically along the Nile valley, in oases, and on arid coastal plains. The species inhabits deserts, savannas, wetlands, and agricultural landscapes near water, and it can tolerate a range of moisture conditions.

The Egyptian cobra is a medium to large snake, usually 1.2 to 2.0 meters long and occasionally reaching about 2.5 meters. Dorsally it ranges from olive to brown or gray, with a lighter ventral surface. A broad hood is displayed when threatened, often with markings to enhance its intimidating profile.

Behaviorally, it is generally active from daytime into the early evening (diurnal to crepuscular), and it shelters in burrows or under debris. When disturbed, it expands its hood and may deliver a venomous bite. It is oviparous, with females laying clutches typically around 10 to 30 eggs in warm soils or burrows; incubation lasts about 60 to 70 days.

Diet consists of small mammals, birds, lizards, and occasionally other snakes, with venom used to immobilize prey before ingestion. The venom is primarily neurotoxic with cytotoxic components, making bites potentially life-threatening without prompt antivenom and medical care. Human encounters are most common near settlements and farms within its range.

Culturally, the haje appears in ancient Egyptian iconography and folklore as a symbol of protection and royalty. Globally, it has a broad distribution; local populations face habitat loss and persecution, and protections exist in several countries.