glaukooma

Glaukooma, commonly referred to in English as glaucoma, is a group of eye diseases that damage the optic nerve and can lead to irreversible vision loss. It is often associated with elevated intraocular pressure (IOP), although some forms occur with normal pressure.

The two main types are primary open-angle glaucoma, in which drainage of aqueous humor slows gradually, and angle-closure glaucoma, in which the drainage angle becomes blocked more abruptly. Other forms include normal-tension glaucoma and secondary glaucomas caused by injury, inflammation, medications, or other eye conditions.

Symptoms vary by type. Primary open-angle glaucoma is usually initially asymptomatic, with gradual loss of peripheral vision. Angle-closure glaucoma can present with sudden eye pain, headache, nausea, blurred vision, halos around lights, and a red eye. Some glaucomas progress with minimal early symptoms.

Diagnosis requires an eye care professional. Tests include measuring intraocular pressure (tonometry), examining the optic nerve for signs of damage (cupping), and testing the visual field. Additional imaging or tests may help determine the type and extent of damage.

Treatment aims to lower intraocular pressure to prevent further damage. Options include prescription eye drops, oral medications, laser therapy (such as laser trabeculoplasty or iridotomy), and surgical procedures (trabeculectomy or implant devices). The choice depends on glaucooma type, severity, and patient factors, with ongoing follow-up essential.

Prevention and prognosis depend on early detection and ongoing management. Vision loss from glaukooma is usually permanent, but prompt treatment can slow progression and preserve sight. Regular eye exams, adherence to therapy, and lifestyle considerations support better outcomes.