gengivais

Gengivais, also known as gingival tissue, refers to the soft tissue that surrounds and protects the teeth. In humans, the gingiva is divided into the marginal or free gingiva that forms the gingival crest around the tooth, the attached gingiva that anchors to the underlying bone, and the interdental papilla between adjacent teeth. The gingival sulcus is the space between the tooth and the gingiva, typically measuring 0 to 3 millimeters in health.

Histologically, the gingiva consists of a keratinized stratified squamous epithelium and an underlying connective tissue rich in collagen fibers. The junctional epithelium attaches the gingiva to the tooth surface at the cemento–enamel junction, creating a seal that helps protect the supporting structures from bacterial invasion.

Functions of the gingiva include forming a barrier to microorganisms, contributing to the structural integrity of the periodontium, and aiding in aesthetics and speech. Healthy gingiva is usually firm and pink, with varying degrees of surface texture known as stippling.

Gingival disease is commonly linked to plaque accumulation and inflammation. Gingivitis is the inflammation of the gingiva and is reversible with improved plaque control, professional cleaning, and, when appropriate, antimicrobial therapy. If left untreated, gingivitis can progress to periodontitis, a condition involving loss of supporting tooth structures and potential tooth loss. Other gingival conditions include gingival recession (apical movement of the gingival margin) and gingival hyperplasia (gums enlarge), which can be influenced by hormonal factors, medications, or systemic conditions.

Prevention centers on good oral hygiene practices, regular dental checkups, smoking avoidance, and timely management of gingival inflammation through professional care and patient-maintained plaque control.