gaurs

The gaur (Bos gaurus) is a large bovine native to South and Southeast Asia. Also known as the Indian bison, it ranks among the largest living land mammals, with males typically larger than females and horns that curve upward. Its range spans India, Nepal, Bhutan, and Bangladesh, extending into Myanmar, Thailand, Laos, Cambodia, and Vietnam, where it occupies forested and mixed habitats from lowlands to foothills.

The gaur has a dark brown to black coat, with a lighter head and neck region. It is a herbivore that feeds primarily on grasses, but will also browse on leaves, shoots, fruits, and bamboo. They are strong swimmers and can move through a variety of wet and dry habitats, often near water sources.

Socially, gaurs usually form matriarchal herds of females and calves; adult males are typically solitary or gather in small bachelor groups. Calves are born after a gestation of about 250–270 days and are nursed for several months. Breeding can occur year-round, with regional seasonal variation.

Ecology and habitat use: gaurs prefer dense forest and open woodland with access to water, and they require large home ranges. As megaherbivores, they influence vegetation structure and can affect seed dispersal and nutrient cycling in their ecosystems.

Conservation: The gaur is listed as Vulnerable by the IUCN, with declines driven by habitat loss, fragmentation, poaching, and human-wildlife conflict. Protection in protected areas, anti-poaching measures, habitat restoration, and wildlife corridors are central to conservation efforts across its range.