bison

Bison are large, hoofed mammals in the genus Bison, belonging to the family Bovidae. There are two living species: the American bison (Bison bison) and the European bison, or wisent (Bison bonasus). They are among the largest terrestrial mammals of North America and Europe, characterized by a massive head, a high shoulder hump, and dense fur that is shaggy in winter. The term bison is often used in North America where the animals are sometimes colloquially called buffalo, though they are not true buffalo.

Distribution and habitat vary by species. American bison inhabit grasslands, plains, and river valleys across North America, with many herds now protected in national parks and reserves. European bison occupy forested areas in Europe and have been reintroduced to several countries after near-extinction in the early 20th century.

Diet and behavior. Bison are grazing herbivores, feeding mainly on grasses and sedges, with winter foraging including woody plants when necessary. They are highly social, forming large herds that split into smaller groups by sex and age. Breeding typically occurs in late summer, with a gestation period around nine months and usually a single calf born in spring.

Conservation and cultural significance. Populations declined due to overhunting and habitat loss, but concerted conservation efforts have helped recover numbers in many areas. Bison hold cultural importance for Indigenous peoples of North America and are emblematic of wildlife conservation in both continents.