fracturesespecially

Fractures are disruptions in the continuity of bone tissue, typically resulting from trauma but also from disease processes such as osteoporosis or infections. They can be classified as closed (simple) when the skin remains intact or open (compound) when the bone communicates with the external environment. Fractures may be displaced, with misaligned fragments, or non-displaced, where alignment is preserved. Common patterns include transverse, oblique, spiral, comminuted, and greenstick fractures, the latter occurring mainly in children.

Causes and risk factors include falls, vehicle crashes, sports injuries, and repetitive stress. Pathologic fractures occur when bone strength is reduced by conditions such as osteoporosis, tumors, infection, or metabolic bone disease. Age, activity level, and overall health influence both the risk of fracture and the potential for healing.

Diagnosis typically involves a physical examination and imaging. X-rays are the initial modality; CT or MRI may be necessary for complex fractures or to assess associated soft tissue injuries. Open fractures require careful wound assessment and neurovascular checks. In some cases, bone scans or ultrasound contribute to evaluation.

Treatment aims to restore alignment and function while promoting healing. Management ranges from immobilization with a cast or splint for stable fractures to surgical fixation with plates, screws, rods, nails, or external devices for unstable or complex fractures. Open fractures often require antibiotics and tetanus prophylaxis, and prompt cleaning and debridement may be necessary. Rehabilitation and gradual return to activity are important as healing progresses. Healing times vary by fracture type, age, and health, ranging from weeks to months.

Complications can include malunion, nonunion, infection, nerve or blood vessel injury, and post-traumatic arthritis. Prevention emphasizes safety measures, bone health optimization, fall prevention, and adherence to rehabilitation protocols.