fertilitet

Fertilitet, or fertility, denotes the biological capability to produce offspring. In humans it involves multiple interconnected processes: gamete production, ovulation, fertilization, implantation, and gestation. Fertility is commonly contrasted with infertility, the inability to conceive after a defined period of regular unprotected intercourse, typically 12 months for adults under 35, or shorter in older individuals.

Female and male fertility are influenced by age, health, and lifestyle. Female fertility generally declines with age due to reduced ovarian reserve and rising chromosomal risks after about 35. Male fertility also declines with age, but often later and more gradually. Time to pregnancy varies widely and can depend on hormonal balance, anatomy, and partner factors. Infertility is diagnosed when conception does not occur after the defined period, despite regular intercourse.

Common medical factors affecting fertility include ovulatory disorders (such as polycystic ovary syndrome or thyroid issues), tubal blockage, endometriosis, uterine abnormalities, and male factors like low sperm count, impaired motility, or abnormal morphology. Lifestyle and environmental influences—smoking, obesity, excessive alcohol, drugs, stress, and exposure to certain chemicals—can also reduce fertility. Chronic illnesses and medications may contribute as well.

Assessment and treatment commonly involve history, physical exams, hormone testing, imaging, and semen analysis. Treatments range from lifestyle changes and fertility medications to procedures such as intrauterine insemination (IUI) and assisted reproductive technologies (ART) including in vitro fertilization (IVF) and intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI). Fertility preservation options, such as oocyte or embryo freezing, are available for medical or personal reasons.

Fertility and its treatment intersect with demographic trends, access to care, and social factors, influencing population dynamics and individual decision-making.