ovulatory

Ovulatory is an adjective relating to ovulation, the physiological release of a mature oocyte from the ovarian follicle. In humans, ovulation typically occurs mid-cycle and is followed by the formation of the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone to prepare the uterine lining for potential implantation.

The process is hormonally regulated. The hypothalamus releases gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), prompting the pituitary to secrete follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). FSH stimulates growth of ovarian follicles. As the dominant follicle develops, rising estrogen levels trigger a surge of LH about 24 to 36 hours before ovulation. The LH surge induces follicle rupture and the release of the oocyte. After ovulation, the ruptured follicle becomes the corpus luteum, producing progesterone (and some estrogen), which supports the endometrium. If fertilization does not occur, the corpus luteum regresses, and menses begin.

Signs and methods of identifying ovulation include changes in cervical mucus to a clear, stretchy pattern, a possible brief mid-cycle pain known as mittelschmerz, a rise in basal body temperature after ovulation, and at-home urine tests that detect the LH surge.

Relevance includes natural fertility, timing for conception or contraception, and evaluation of infertility. Ovulatory dysfunction—such as anovulation or oligo-ovulation—can disrupt cycles and reduce fertility, and may be associated with conditions like polycystic ovary syndrome or hypothalamic-pituitary disorders.