exfoliates

Exfoliates are agents or methods used to remove dead skin cells from the outermost layer of the skin, the stratum corneum. They are used to improve texture, brightness, and the penetration of subsequent skincare products. Exfoliants can be found in cleansers, toners, serums, masks, and moisturizers and are commonly categorized as mechanical or chemical.

Mechanical exfoliants rely on physical action to slough off dead cells. This includes abrasive scrubs with particles such as sugar, salt, or ground seeds, as well as tools like brushes, sponges, or cloths. While effective for some skin types, they can cause irritation, microtears, or redness if used aggressively or on sensitive or inflamed skin, and may not be suitable for acne-prone or very delicate complexions.

Chemical exfoliants use active ingredients that loosen or dissolve bonds between skin cells or dissolve the surface keratin. Alpha hydroxy acids (AHAs), such as glycolic and lactic acids, primarily exfoliate the surface and can improve texture and tone. Beta hydroxy acids (BHAs), notably salicylic acid, are oil-soluble and can penetrate pores, helping with oily or acne-prone skin. Enzyme-based exfoliants use proteolytic enzymes from fruits (e.g., papain from papaya, bromelain from pineapple) to digest proteins in the outer layer. Efficacy and irritation risk depend on concentration, formulation, and pH.

Usage basics emphasize gradual introduction: start with low frequency and patch testing, avoid broken skin, and use sunscreen since exfoliation can increase sun sensitivity. Do not combine multiple strong exfoliants without professional guidance, as over-exfoliation can disrupt the skin barrier and cause redness or irritation. Results vary by individual skin type and condition.