complexions

Complexion refers to the natural color, texture, and overall appearance of the skin, particularly on the face. In contemporary usage it describes skin tone and undertone, while also capturing how the skin looks in terms of clarity and evenness.

Biology and variation: Skin color is primarily determined by melanin, produced by melanocytes in the epidermis. The amount and type of melanin, influenced by genetics and exposure to ultraviolet light, produce a range from very pale to dark. The Fitzpatrick scale is a common framework for describing how skin reacts to sun exposure. Undertones—cool, warm, or neutral—affect how complexion is perceived and how cosmetics are chosen. Hydration, age, hormones, health, and environmental factors can also influence the visible complexion.

Clinical and practical relevance: A person’s complexion can reflect health status. Pallor may indicate anemia; jaundice causes yellowing; cyanosis produces a bluish tint due to low oxygen; erythema denotes inflammation or irritation. Subtle shifts in tone or clarity can signal dehydration, illness, or hormonal changes. In dermatology and medicine, complexion assessment aids diagnosis and monitoring.

Cosmetic and cultural considerations: Complexion informs skincare and makeup choices, including color matching and sun protection. Sunscreen and skin-care routines aim to maintain a healthy, even complexion and to protect against photoaging and damage.

Historical context: In some traditional systems of medicine, complexion was linked to bodily balance and temperament. Modern understanding treats complexion primarily as a physical trait influenced by genetics and environment.