exfoliation

Exfoliation is the process of removing dead skin cells from the outermost layer of the skin. In dermatology and personal care, exfoliation is used to improve skin texture, brighten the complexion, and enhance the absorption of moisturizers and active ingredients. Exfoliation can be mechanical or chemical.

Mechanical exfoliation uses physical agents such as granular scrubs, brushes, loofahs, or abrasive pads to physically slough off dead cells. Chemical exfoliation uses agents that loosen or dissolve the bonds between dead cells, including alpha-hydroxy acids (glycolic, lactic), beta-hydroxy acids (salicylic acid), and polyhydroxy acids, as well as enzymatic exfoliants from fruits or microbial sources.

Frequency and targets vary by skin type and product concentration. Facial exfoliation is often recommended 1–3 times per week, with gentler formulations for sensitive or dry skin and more frequent use for combination or oily skin. Body exfoliation may be done less often. Always follow product instructions and perform a patch test to check tolerance. After exfoliation, skin may be more susceptible to sun damage, so sunscreen should be applied during daytime.

Risks and considerations include irritation, redness, and in rare cases micro-tears from aggressive scrubbing. People with active skin conditions, recent procedures, or using strong retinoids or acne medications should consult a clinician before exfoliating. Over-exfoliation can disrupt the skin barrier and lead to sensitivity or breakouts.