estrogeeniasusteet

Estrogen substitutes, or estrogeeniasusteet in Finnish, refer to non‑endogenous agents used to replace or mimic the effects of the hormone estrogen in the body. They are most commonly employed in hormone replacement therapy (HRT) for postmenopausal women, to relieve vasomotor symptoms such as hot flashes and night sweats, and to prevent osteoporosis. Estrogen substitutes also play a role in the management of certain hormone‑dependent cancers and in fertility treatment.

The main classes of estrogen substitutes include synthetic estrogens, bioidentical estrogens, phytoestrogens (plant‑derived compounds that bind estrogen receptors), and selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). Synthetic estrogens such as ethinyl estradiol and conjugated equine estrogens are widely used in combined oral contraceptives and some HRT regimens. Bioidentical estrogens, derived from naturally occurring estrogens like estradiol, are marketed in various preparations, often as transdermal patches or creams. Phytoestrogens, most commonly soy isoflavones and red clover extracts, have weaker estrogenic activity and are sometimes recommended for mild menopausal symptoms. SERMs, including raloxifene and tamoxifen, selectively activate or inhibit estrogen receptors in different tissues and are used primarily for osteoporosis prevention and breast cancer risk reduction.

Clinical guidelines balance the benefits of symptom relief and bone health against the potential risks of hormone‐based therapies, such as breast cancer, cardiovascular events, and thromboembolism. Contraindications include a history of estrogen‑dependent tumors, clotting disorders, or liver disease. Ongoing research focuses on optimizing dosing, delivery methods, and identifying patient subgroups most likely to benefit with minimal adverse effects. Health organizations such as the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists and the World Health Organization continue to update recommendations as new evidence emerges.