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Embedded systems are specialized computing systems designed to perform dedicated functions within larger mechanical or electronic systems. They are embedded as part of a complete device, often including hardware and software, and may be designed to control devices, monitor processes, or gather data. Embedded systems are found in a wide range of applications, from consumer electronics like smartphones and smart home devices to industrial equipment such as automotive systems, medical devices, and aerospace controls.

The key characteristics of embedded systems include real-time operation, dedicated functionality, and resource constraints. Real-time operation means that the system must respond to inputs within a specific time frame, which is crucial for applications like automotive control systems and medical devices. Dedicated functionality refers to the system's specific purpose, which allows for optimized design and performance. Resource constraints, such as limited processing power, memory, and energy, necessitate efficient software and hardware design to maximize performance within these limitations.

Embedded systems typically consist of a microcontroller or microprocessor, which serves as the central processing unit, along with various peripherals and interfaces. The software running on these systems is often embedded firmware, which is a type of software designed to control hardware devices. This firmware is usually stored in non-volatile memory, such as flash or ROM, and is executed directly by the hardware.

The development of embedded systems involves several stages, including requirements analysis, system design, hardware and software implementation, testing, and deployment. Modern embedded systems often incorporate advanced features such as connectivity, wireless communication, and integration with cloud services, enabling remote monitoring and control. As technology advances, embedded systems continue to evolve, becoming more powerful, efficient, and integrated into various aspects of daily life.