embeddedsoftware

Embedded software is computer software designed to operate hardware contained within a larger system. It drives embedded systems, which combine a processor with sensors, actuators, and other peripherals to perform specific tasks. Unlike general-purpose software, it must operate within fixed resource limits and satisfy real-time requirements of the host device.

Typical characteristics include real-time determinism, constrained memory and power, reliability, long service life, and often limited or no user interface. It interacts directly with hardware through device drivers and memory-mapped I/O, and may run on bare metal or atop a real-time operating system.

Software architecture commonly includes hardware abstraction layers, a real-time operating system or bare-metal scheduler, middleware, and the application logic. Development uses cross-compilers, version control, and debugging tools. Common programming languages are C and C++, with assembly in parts that require tight timing. Testing ranges from unit tests to hardware-in-the-loop and field testing. Security and over-the-air updates are increasingly important.

Embedded software is governed by safety and reliability standards in many domains, such as ISO 26262 for automotive, IEC 62304 for medical devices, DO-178C for avionics, and IEC 61508 for functional safety. The software lifecycle includes requirements, design, coding, verification, integration, deployment, and maintenance. OTA update mechanisms and secure boot processes address post-deployment changes.

Typical application areas include consumer electronics, automotive control units, industrial automation, robotics, medical devices, communications equipment, and IoT devices. The field emphasizes efficiency, determinism, maintainability, and security to ensure correct operation in resource-constrained environments.