ekzema

Ekzema, or eczema, is a general term for a group of inflammatory skin conditions characterized by itchy, dry, and red skin. The most common form is atopic dermatitis, which usually begins in childhood but may persist or begin in adulthood. Eczema results from a combination of genetic factors, skin-barrier abnormalities, and immune system dysregulation. Mutations in skin barrier genes such as filaggrin increase susceptibility. Environmental triggers such as soaps, fragrances, detergents, allergens, temperature changes, and stress can provoke flares.

Symptoms typically include pruritus (itching), dry and scaly skin, redness, and swelling. In infants, rashes often appear on the scalp and cheeks; in older children and adults, it commonly affects the hands, insides of elbows and knees, and eyelids. Scratching can lead to thickened skin and secondary infection.

Diagnosis is usually clinical, based on history and examination. In uncertain cases, patch testing may identify contact sensitizers, and tests may be done to exclude other conditions. There is no cure, but control is possible with a combination of skincare and medications.

Management focuses on maintaining skin moisture with regular emollients, gentle cleansing, and avoiding triggers. Treatments may include topical corticosteroids to reduce inflammation, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory topical agents such as calcineurin inhibitors, and, for moderate-to-severe cases, phototherapy or systemic therapies. In some patients, biologic therapy such as dupilumab is used. Infections require appropriate antibiotics.

Prognosis varies; many people experience waxing and waning symptoms throughout life. The condition often coexists with other atopic diseases such as asthma and hay fever. Education on skincare and trigger avoidance is important for long-term control.